īufotenin is a chemical constituent in the secretions and eggs of several species of toads belonging to the genus Bufo, but the Colorado River toad ( Incillius alvarius) is the only toad species in which bufotenin is present in large enough quantities for a psychoactive effect.
After inhalation, the user usually experiences a warm sensation, euphoria, and strong visual and auditory hallucinations, due to 5-MeO-DMT's high affinity for the 5-HT 2 and 5-HT 1A serotonin receptor subtypes. When vaporized, a single deep inhalation of the poison produces strong psychoactive effects within 15 seconds. These parotoid glands also produce the 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin (which is named after the Bufo genus of toads) both of these chemicals belong to the family of hallucinogenic tryptamines. The toad's primary defense system is glands that produce a poison that may be potent enough to kill a grown dog. The female toad can lay up to 8,000 eggs. Eggs are 1.6 mm in diameter, 5–7 mm apart, and encased in a long single tube of jelly with a loose but distinct outline. Normally, 1–3 days after the rain is when toads begin to lay eggs in ponds, slow-moving streams, temporary pools or man-made structures that hold water. The breeding season starts in July, when the rainy season begins, and can last up to August. alvarius remain unclear, but immunologically, it is similarly close to the boreas and valliceps groups. alvarius individual in a population at Adobe Dam in Maricopa County, Arizona, ranged from 2 to 4 years other species of toads have a lifespan of 4 to 5 years. The most active season for toads is May–September, due to greater rainfalls (needed for breeding purposes).
Like many other toads, they are active foragers and feed on invertebrates, lizards, small mammals, and amphibians. The Colorado River toad is sympatric with the spadefoot toad ( Scaphiopus spp.), Great Plains toad ( Anaxyrus cognatus), red-spotted toad ( Anaxyrus punctatus), and Woodhouse's toad ( Anaxyrus woodhousei). It often makes its home in rodent burrows and is nocturnal. The Colorado River toad is known to breed in artificial water bodies (e.g., flood control impoundments, reservoirs) and as a result, the distributions and breeding habitats of these species may have been recently altered in south central Arizona. It is semiaquatic and is often found in streams, near springs, in canals and drainage ditches, and under water troughs. It lives in both desert and semi-arid areas throughout its range. It is considered possibly extirpated from California. The Colorado River toad is found in the lower Colorado River and the Gila River catchment areas, in New Mexico, Mexico, and much of southern Arizona. Range of Incilius alvarius in the United States (It also inhabits northwest Mexico) Most of the rehydration is done through absorption of water from small pools or wet objects.
Circuli desrt pupfish skin#
Toads in the family bufonidae have a region of skin known as "the seat patch", which extends from mid abdomen to the hind legs and is specialized for rapid rehydration. Unlike other vertebrates, this amphibian obtains water mostly by osmotic absorption across its abdomen. Raccoons have learned to pull a toad away from a pond by the back leg, turn it on its back and start feeding on its belly, a strategy that keeps the raccoon well away from the poison glands. Its call is described as, "a weak, low-pitched toot, lasting less than a second." ĭogs that have attacked toads have suffered paralysis or even death. All these glands produce toxic secretions. By the corner of the mouth there is a white wart and there are white glands on the legs. Below this is a large circular pale green area which is the tympanum or ear drum. Just behind the large golden eye with horizontal pupil is a bulging kidney-shaped parotoid gland. It has a smooth, leathery skin and is olive green or mottled brown in color. The Colorado River toad can grow to about 190 millimetres (7.5 in) long and is the largest toad in the United States apart from the non-native cane toad ( Rhinella marina).
0 kommentar(er)
